https://wiki.dh-minor.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Anton 2026-05-23T09:08:37Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.31.0 https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=856 2017-06-13T20:42:27Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, [[Odessa]] - November, 8, 1926, [[New York]]) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of [[Powers Accounting Machine Company]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in [[Odessa]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Ukraine]]) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in [[Odessa University]] mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including [[Western Electric]].<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by [[US Census Bureau]] as a mechanical expert to modify [[unit record equipment]] invented two decades earlier by [[Herman Hollerith]] [1]. Hollerith's equipment was successfully used for 1890 and 1900 US Censuses, but when Hollerith refused to lower the rental fees for Census Bureau, Bureau's director S.N.D.North did not renew the contract with Hollerith's company, instead creating the Census Machine Shop [2]. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. He managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents (see Inventions section) and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and [[1910 US Census]] [3].<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in [[Newark, New Jersey]], the company was moved to [[Brooklyn, New York]] in 1914. <br /> <br /> By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have subsidiaries in [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Italy]]; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the [[First World War]]. Nevertheless, German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1915 [[Prudential Building Society]] founded [[Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain]] which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919 [4].<br /> <br /> In 1927 the [[Remington Typewriter Company]] and the [[Rand Kardex Corporation]] merged, forming [[Remington Rand Inc.]] which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as [[Unisys Corporation]].<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in [[New York Times]] two days later [5]. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935 [1].<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. <br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> In 1907 Powers was detailed to work out an automatic card-punching machine. This machine, as developed and improved over the next 2 years, seemed to be satisfactory, and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census []. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several different types of electric card punches [].<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching [].<br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> US992245 Combined Punching and Counting Mechanism<br /> <br /> US992246 Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> US1086397 Keyboard for Perforating Machines and the like<br /> <br /> US1100986 Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> US1138314 Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> US1177651 Stop Mechanisms for Card Sorting Machines<br /> <br /> US1224413 Combined Printing Mechanism and Perforating-Machine<br /> <br /> US1236481 Card Accounting Machine <br /> <br /> US1242721 Repeat Perforating Mechanism<br /> <br /> US1245502 Tabulator-Printer for Statistical Purposes<br /> <br /> US1271614 Combined Type Writer and Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> US1299022 Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> US1312807 Counter for Accounting Machines<br /> <br /> US1317458 Card-Feed-Actuated Stop<br /> <br /> US1388299 Combined Perforating and Printing Tabulator Mechanism<br /> <br /> US1665218 Feeding Mechanism for Tabulating Machine<br /> <br /> US1836039 Self Starting Automatic Total Taking Mechanism<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> 1. Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=855 2017-06-13T20:33:20Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, [[Odessa]] - November, 8, 1926, [[New York]]) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of [[Powers Accounting Machine Company]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in [[Odessa]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Ukraine]]) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in [[Odessa University]] mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including [[Western Electric]].<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by [[US Census Bureau]] as a mechanical expert to modify [[unit record equipment]] invented two decades earlier by [[Herman Hollerith]] [1]. Hollerith's equipment was successfully used for 1890 and 1900 US Censuses, but when Hollerith refused to lower the rental fees for Census Bureau, Bureau's director S.N.D.North did not renew the contract with Hollerith's company, instead creating the Census Machine Shop [2]. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. He managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents (see Inventions section) and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and [[1910 US Census]] [3].<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in [[Newark, New Jersey]], the company was moved to [[Brooklyn, New York]] in 1914. <br /> <br /> By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have subsidiaries in [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Italy]]; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the [[First World War]]. Nevertheless, German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1915 [[Prudential Building Society]] founded [[Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain]] which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919 [4].<br /> <br /> In 1927 the [[Remington Typewriter Company]] and the [[Rand Kardex Corporation]] merged, forming [[Remington Rand Inc.]] which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as [[Unisys Corporation]].<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in [[New York Times]] two days later [5]. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935 [1].<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. <br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> In 1907 Powers was detailed to work out an automatic card-punching machine. This machine, as developed and improved over the next 2 years, seemed to be satisfactory, and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census []. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several different types of electric card punches [].<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching [].<br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> US992245 Combined Punching and Counting Mechanism<br /> <br /> US992246 Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> US1086397 Keyboard for Perforating Machines and the like<br /> <br /> US1100986 Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> US1138314 Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> US1177651 Stop Mechanisms for Card Sorting Machines<br /> <br /> US1224413 Combined Printing Mechanism and Perforating-Machine<br /> <br /> US1236481 Card Accounting Machine <br /> <br /> US1242721 Repeat Perforating Mechanism<br /> <br /> US1245502 Tabulator-Printer for Statistical Purposes<br /> <br /> US1,271,614 Combined Type Writer and Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> US1,299,022 Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> US1,312,807 Counter for Accounting Machines<br /> <br /> US1,317,458 Card-Feed-Actuated Stop<br /> <br /> US1,388,299 Combined Perforating and Printing Tabulator Mechanism<br /> <br /> US1,665,218 Feeding Mechanism for Tabulating Machine<br /> <br /> US1,836,039 Self Starting Automatic Total Taking Mechanism<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> 1. Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=854 2017-06-13T20:31:02Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, [[Odessa]] - November, 8, 1926, [[New York]]) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of [[Powers Accounting Machine Company]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in [[Odessa]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Ukraine]]) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in [[Odessa University]] mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including [[Western Electric]].<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by [[US Census Bureau]] as a mechanical expert to modify [[unit record equipment]] invented two decades earlier by [[Herman Hollerith]] [1]. Hollerith's equipment was successfully used for 1890 and 1900 US Censuses, but when Hollerith refused to lower the rental fees for Census Bureau, Bureau's director S.N.D.North did not renew the contract with Hollerith's company, instead creating the Census Machine Shop [2]. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. He managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents (see Inventions section) and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and [[1910 US Census]] [3].<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in [[Newark, New Jersey]], the company was moved to [[Brooklyn, New York]] in 1914. <br /> <br /> By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have subsidiaries in [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Italy]]; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the [[First World War]]. Nevertheless, German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1915 [[Prudential Building Society]] founded [[Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain]] which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919 [4].<br /> <br /> In 1927 the [[Remington Typewriter Company]] and the [[Rand Kardex Corporation]] merged, forming [[Remington Rand Inc.]] which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as [[Unisys Corporation]].<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in [[New York Times]] two days later [5]. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935 [1].<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. <br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> In 1907 Powers was detailed to work out an automatic card-punching machine. This machine, as developed and improved over the next 2 years, seemed to be satisfactory, and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census []. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several different types of electric card punches [].<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching [].<br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> 992,245 Combined Punching and Counting Mechanism<br /> <br /> 992,246 Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> 1,086,397 Keyboard for Perforating Machines and the like<br /> <br /> 1,100,986 Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> 1,138,314 Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> 1,177,651 Stop Mechanisms for Card Sorting Machines<br /> <br /> 1,224,413 Combined Printing Mechanism and Perforating-Machine<br /> <br /> 1,236,481 Card Accounting Machine <br /> <br /> 1,242,721 Repeat Perforating Mechanism<br /> <br /> 1,245,502 Tabulator-Printer for Statistical Purposes<br /> <br /> 1,271,614 Combined Type Writer and Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> 1,299,022 Perforating Machine<br /> <br /> 1,312,807 Counter for Accounting Machines<br /> <br /> 1,317,458 Card-Feed-Actuated Stop<br /> <br /> 1,388,299 Combined Perforating and Printing Tabulator Mechanism<br /> <br /> 1,665,218 Feeding Mechanism for Tabulating Machine<br /> <br /> 1,836,039 Self Starting Automatic Total Taking Mechanism<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> 1. Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=853 2017-06-13T20:29:44Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, [[Odessa]] - November, 8, 1926, [[New York]]) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of [[Powers Accounting Machine Company]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in [[Odessa]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Ukraine]]) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in [[Odessa University]] mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including [[Western Electric]].<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by [[US Census Bureau]] as a mechanical expert to modify [[unit record equipment]] invented two decades earlier by [[Herman Hollerith]] [1]. Hollerith's equipment was successfully used for 1890 and 1900 US Censuses, but when Hollerith refused to lower the rental fees for Census Bureau, Bureau's director S.N.D.North did not renew the contract with Hollerith's company, instead creating the Census Machine Shop [2]. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. He managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents (see Inventions section) and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and [[1910 US Census]] [3].<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in [[Newark, New Jersey]], the company was moved to [[Brooklyn, New York]] in 1914. <br /> <br /> By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have subsidiaries in [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Italy]]; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the [[First World War]]. Nevertheless, German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1915 [[Prudential Building Society]] founded [[Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain]] which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919 [4].<br /> <br /> In 1927 the [[Remington Typewriter Company]] and the [[Rand Kardex Corporation]] merged, forming [[Remington Rand Inc.]] which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as [[Unisys Corporation]].<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in [[New York Times]] two days later [5]. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935 [1].<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. <br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> In 1907 Powers was detailed to work out an automatic card-punching machine. This machine, as developed and improved over the next 2 years, seemed to be satisfactory, and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census []. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several different types of electric card punches [].<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching [].<br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> 992,245 Combined Punching and Counting Mechanism<br /> 992,246 Perforating Machine<br /> 1,086,397 Keyboard for Perforating Machines and the like<br /> 1,100,986 Perforating Machine<br /> 1,138,314 Perforating Machine<br /> 1,177,651 Stop Mechanisms for Card Sorting Machines<br /> 1,224,413 Combined Printing Mechanism and Perforating-Machine<br /> 1,236,481 Card Accounting Machine <br /> 1,242,721 Repeat Perforating Mechanism<br /> 1,245,502 Tabulator-Printer for Statistical Purposes<br /> 1,271,614 Combined Type Writer and Perforating Machine <br /> 1,299,022 Perforating Machine<br /> 1,312,807 Counter for Accounting Machines<br /> 1,317,458 Card-Feed-Actuated Stop<br /> 1,388,299 Combined Perforating and Printing Tabulator Mechanism<br /> 1,665,218 Feeding Mechanism for Tabulating Machine<br /> 1,836,039 Self Starting Automatic Total Taking Mechanism<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> 1. Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=852 2017-06-13T20:21:55Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, [[Odessa]] - November, 8, 1926, [[New York]]) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of [[Powers Accounting Machine Company]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in [[Odessa]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Ukraine]]) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in [[Odessa University]] mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including [[Western Electric]].<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by [[US Census Bureau]] as a mechanical expert to modify [[unit record equipment]] invented two decades earlier by [[Herman Hollerith]] [1]. Hollerith's equipment was successfully used for 1890 and 1900 US Censuses, but when Hollerith refused to lower the rental fees for Census Bureau, Bureau's director S.N.D.North did not renew the contract with Hollerith's company, instead creating the Census Machine Shop [2]. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. He managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents (see Inventions section) and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and [[1910 US Census]] [3].<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in [[Newark, New Jersey]], the company was moved to [[Brooklyn, New York]] in 1914. <br /> <br /> By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have subsidiaries in [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Italy]]; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the [[First World War]]. Nevertheless, German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1915 [[Prudential Building Society]] founded [[Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain]] which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919 [4].<br /> <br /> In 1927 the [[Remington Typewriter Company]] and the [[Rand Kardex Corporation]] merged, forming [[Remington Rand Inc.]] which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as [[Unisys Corporation]].<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in [[New York Times]] two days later [5]. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935 [1].<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. <br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> In 1907 Powers was detailed to work out an automatic card-punching machine. This machine, as developed and improved over the next 2 years, seemed to be satisfactory, and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census []. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several different types of electric card punches [].<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching [].<br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> 1. Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=851 2017-06-13T20:17:22Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, [[Odessa]] - November, 8, 1926, [[New York]]) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of [[Powers Accounting Machine Company]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in [[Odessa]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Ukraine]]) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in [[Odessa University]] mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including [[Western Electric]].<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by [[US Census Bureau]] as a mechanical expert to modify [[unit record equipment]] invented two decades earlier by [[Herman Hollerith]]. Hollerith's equipment was successfully used for 1890 and 1900 US Censuses, but when Hollerith refused to lower the rental fees for Census Bureau, Bureau's director S.N.D.North did not renew the contract with Hollerith's company, instead creating the Census Machine Shop. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. He managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents (see Inventions section) and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and [[1910 US Census]].<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in [[Newark, New Jersey]], the company was moved to [[Brooklyn, New York]] in 1914. <br /> <br /> By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have subsidiaries in [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Italy]]; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the [[First World War]]. Nevertheless, German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1915 [[Prudential Building Society]] founded [[Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain]] which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919.<br /> <br /> In 1927 the [[Remington Typewriter Company]] and the [[Rand Kardex Corporation]] merged, forming [[Remington Rand Inc.]] which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as [[Unisys Corporation]].<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in [[New York Times]] two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> In 1907 Powers was detailed to work out an automatic card-punching machine. This machine, as developed and improved over the next 2 years, seemed to be satisfactory, and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several different types of electric card punches. IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> [[Born in 1871]]<br /> <br /> [[Died in 1926]]</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=850 2017-06-13T20:16:15Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, [[Odessa]] - November, 8, 1926, [[New York]]) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of [[Powers Accounting Machine Company]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in [[Odessa]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Ukraine]]) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in [[Odessa University]] mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including [[Western Electric]].<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by [[US Census Bureau]] as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by [[Herman Hollerith]]. Hollerith's equipment was successfully used for 1890 and 1900 US Censuses, but when Hollerith refused to lower the rental fees for Census Bureau, Bureau's director S.N.D.North did not renew the contract with Hollerith's company, instead creating the Census Machine Shop. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. He managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents (see Inventions section) and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in [[Newark, New Jersey]], the company was moved to [[Brooklyn, New York]] in 1914. <br /> <br /> By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have subsidiaries in [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Italy]]; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the [[First World War]]. Nevertheless, German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1915 [[Prudential Building Society]] founded [[Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain]] which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919.<br /> <br /> In 1927 the [[Remington Typewriter Company]] and the [[Rand Kardex Corporation]] merged, forming [[Remington Rand Inc.]] which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as [[Unisys Corporation]].<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in [[New York Times]] two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> In 1907 Powers was detailed to work out an automatic card-punching machine. This machine, as developed and improved over the next 2 years, seemed to be satisfactory, and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several different types of electric card punches. IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc<br /> Remington Rand<br /> Unisys</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=849 2017-06-13T20:15:41Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, [[Odessa]] - November, 8, 1926, [[New York]]) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of [[Powers Accounting Machine Company]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in [[Odessa]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Ukraine]]) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in [[Odessa University]] mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including [[Western Electric]].<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by [[US Census Bureau]] as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by [[Herman Hollerith]]. Hollerith's equipment was successfully used for 1890 and 1900 US Censuses, but when Hollerith refused to lower the rental fees for Census Bureau, Bureau's director S.N.D.North did not renew the contract with Hollerith's company, instead creating the Census Machine Shop. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. He managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents (see Inventions section) and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in [[Newark, New Jersey]], the company was moved to [[Brooklyn, New York]] in 1914. <br /> <br /> By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have subsidiaries in [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Italy]]; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the [[First World War]]. Nevertheless, German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1915 [[Prudential Building Society]] founded [[Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain]] which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques''; Anonimous Society of Statistical Machinery) was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919.<br /> <br /> In 1927 the [[Remington Typewriter Company]] and the [[Rand Kardex Corporation]] merged, forming [[Remington Rand Inc.]] which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as [[Unisys Corporation]].<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in [[New York Times]] two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> In 1907 Powers was detailed to work out an automatic card-punching machine. This machine, as developed and improved over the next 2 years, seemed to be satisfactory, and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several different types of electric card punches. IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc<br /> Remington Rand<br /> Unisys</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=848 2017-06-13T20:14:37Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, [[Odessa]] - November, 8, 1926, [[New York]]) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of [[''Powers Accounting Machine Company'']].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in [[Odessa]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Ukraine]]) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in [[Odessa University]] mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including [[Western Electric]].<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by [[US Census Bureau]] as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by [[Herman Hollerith]]. Hollerith's equipment was successfully used for 1890 and 1900 US Censuses, but when Hollerith refused to lower the rental fees for Census Bureau, Bureau's director S.N.D.North did not renew the contract with Hollerith's company, instead creating the Census Machine Shop. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. He managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents (see Inventions section) and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in [[Newark, New Jersey]], the company was moved to [[Brooklyn, New York]] in 1914. <br /> <br /> By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have subsidiaries in [[Germany]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Italy]]; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the [[First World War]]. Nevertheless, German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1915 [[Prudential Building Society]] founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques''; Anonimous Society of Statistical Machinery) was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919.<br /> <br /> In 1927 the [[Remington Typewriter Company]] and the [[Rand Kardex Corporation]] merged, forming [[Remington Rand Inc.]] which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as [[Unisys Corporation]].<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in [[New York Times]] two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> In 1907 Powers was detailed to work out an automatic card-punching machine. This machine, as developed and improved over the next 2 years, seemed to be satisfactory, and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several different types of electric card punches. IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc<br /> Remington Rand<br /> Unisys</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=847 2017-06-13T20:10:27Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith. Hollerith's equipment was successfully used for 1890 and 1900 US Censuses, but when Hollerith refused to lower the rental fees for Census Bureau, Bureau's director S.N.D.North did not renew the contract with Hollerith's company, instead creating the Census Machine Shop. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. He managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents (see [[Inventions]]) and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. Nevertheless, German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques''; Anonimous Society of Statistical Machinery) was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919.<br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as Unisys Corporation.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> In 1907 Powers was detailed to work out an automatic card-punching machine. This machine, as developed and improved over the next 2 years, seemed to be satisfactory, and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several different types of electric card punches. IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc<br /> Remington Rand<br /> Unisys</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=846 2017-06-13T19:52:04Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. Nevertheless, German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques''; Anonimous Society of Statistical Machinery) was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919.<br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as Unisys Corporation.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> In 1907 Powers was detailed to work out an automatic card-punching machine. This machine, as developed and improved over the next 2 years, seemed to be satisfactory, and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several different types of electric card punches. IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc<br /> Remington Rand<br /> Unisys</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=845 2017-06-13T19:45:54Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. Nevertheless, German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques''; Anonimous Society of Statistical Machinery) was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919.<br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as Unisys Corporation.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several different types of electric card punches. IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc<br /> Remington Rand<br /> Unisys</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=844 2017-06-13T12:43:31Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. Nevertheless, German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques''; Anonimous Society of Statistical Machinery) was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919.<br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as Unisys Corporation.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc<br /> Remington Rand<br /> Unisys</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=843 2017-06-13T11:59:58Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have its subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques''; Anonimous Society of Statistical Machinery) was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919. German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as Unisys Corporation.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which in action was similar to a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or a sorting device. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc<br /> Remington Rand<br /> Unisys</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=842 2017-06-13T08:33:58Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have its subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques''; Anonimous Society of Statistical Machinery) was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919. German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as Unisys Corporation.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which acted as a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. These buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or sorting devices. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc<br /> Remington Rand<br /> Unisys</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=841 2017-06-13T08:32:55Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have its subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques''; Anonimous Society of Statistical Machinery) was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919. German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year. After several more merges the company is known nowadays as Unisys Corporation.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which acted as a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. The buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or sorters. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc<br /> Remington Rand<br /> Unisys</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=840 2017-06-13T08:27:57Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have its subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques''; Anonimous Society of Statistical Machinery) was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919. German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which acted as a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. The buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or sorters. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=839 2017-06-13T08:24:56Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have its subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919. German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> Herman Hollerith's tabulating equipment used electric reading unit in which the perforations in cards made and broke the electric current, thus allowing current to add numbers on the counters. Since Hollerith was the originator of the technology, his patents protected electric card reading technique, which meant that the Census Bureau couldn't use it without infringing Hollerith's patents.<br /> <br /> Powers, a renowned inventor, devised a mechanical sensing unit which acted as a typewriter. For reading, a set of rods fixed on springs fell on a card. Rods went through the holes of the card and pushed the buttons placed under. The buttons acted as an input mechanism connected mechanically to a set of counters or sorters. Thus Powers managed to invent his own system which bear no resemblance with Hollerith's one. The system included the whole set of machines, necessary for tabulating, namely, electric card punch, card verifier, sorting machine and printing tabulator.<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating, as it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=836 2017-06-10T09:54:05Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have its subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy; however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919. German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating because it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=835 2017-06-10T09:53:38Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have its subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy, however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919. German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating because it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York<br /> Prudential plc</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=834 2017-06-10T09:52:31Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have its subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy, however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919. German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating because it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=833 2017-06-10T09:52:12Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have its subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy, however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established in 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919. German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 of November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating because it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=832 2017-06-10T09:51:46Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have its subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy, however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (a.k.a. ''S.A.M.A.S.'' for ''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established around 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919. German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 of November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating because it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=831 2017-06-10T09:50:09Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have its subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy, however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called ''SAMAS'' (''Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques'') was established around 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919. German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 of November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating because it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=830 2017-06-10T09:49:46Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. By 1914 ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' is said to have its subsidiaries in Germany, Bulgaria, and Italy, however, the information about them is scarce. German and Bulgarian subsidiaries are said to be closed during the First World War. In 1915 Prudential Building Society founded ''Accounting and Tabulating Company of Great Britain'' which sold Powers machines. French subsidiary called SAMAS (Societe Anonyme des Machines a Statistiques) was established around 1922, alongside with Belgian agency in 1919. German agency was refounded in 1923. <br /> <br /> In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 of November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating because it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=829 2017-06-10T09:34:45Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. In 1927 the Remington Typewriter Company and the Rand Kardex Corporation merged, forming Remington Rand Inc. which acquired the Powers Accounting Machine Company within a year.<br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 of November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating because it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=827 2017-06-10T09:15:45Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 of November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> Hollerit tabulators were non-printing, displaying numbers on a row of mechanical counters. This caused pauses during tabulating because it was necessary to write totals by hand. Powers introduced first printing tabulator in 1907.<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=823 2017-06-10T09:11:52Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 of November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=822 2017-06-10T09:11:25Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 of November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> <br /> Powers-Samas<br /> Odessa<br /> Russian Empire<br /> Ukraine<br /> Born in 1871<br /> Died in 1926<br /> Odessa University<br /> Western Electric<br /> US Census Bureau<br /> 1910 US Census<br /> Unit record equipment<br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> Brooklyn, New York</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=812 2017-06-10T08:45:21Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 of November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> <br /> Powers-Samas<br /> <br /> Odessa<br /> <br /> Russian Empire<br /> <br /> Ukraine<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> <br /> Died in 1926<br /> <br /> Odessa University<br /> <br /> 1910 US Census<br /> <br /> Unit record equipment<br /> <br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> <br /> Western Electric<br /> <br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> <br /> Brooklyn, New York</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=811 2017-06-10T08:45:04Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on 8 of November, 1926, and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> <br /> Powers-Samas<br /> <br /> Odessa<br /> <br /> Russian Empire<br /> <br /> Ukraine<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> <br /> Died in 1926<br /> <br /> Odessa University<br /> <br /> 1910 US Census<br /> <br /> Unit record equipment<br /> <br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> <br /> Western Electric<br /> <br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> <br /> Brooklyn, New York</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=810 2017-06-10T08:44:25Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on November, 8, 1926 and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> <br /> Powers-Samas<br /> <br /> Odessa<br /> <br /> Russian Empire<br /> <br /> Ukraine<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> <br /> Died in 1926<br /> <br /> Odessa University<br /> <br /> 1910 US Census<br /> <br /> Unit record equipment<br /> <br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> <br /> Western Electric<br /> <br /> Newark, New Jersey<br /> <br /> Brooklyn, New York</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=803 2017-06-10T08:43:10Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on November, 8, 1926 and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> <br /> Powers-Samas<br /> <br /> Odessa<br /> <br /> Russian Empire<br /> <br /> Ukraine<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> <br /> Died in 1926<br /> <br /> Odessa University<br /> <br /> 1910 US Census<br /> <br /> Unit record equipment<br /> <br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> <br /> Western Electric</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=801 2017-06-10T08:42:34Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from Odessa Technical School and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify unit record equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> James Powers died on November, 8, 1926 and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> Powers Accounting Machine Company<br /> <br /> Powers-Samas<br /> <br /> Odessa<br /> <br /> Russian Empire<br /> <br /> Ukraine<br /> <br /> Born in 1871<br /> <br /> Died in 1926<br /> <br /> Odessa University<br /> <br /> 1910 US Census<br /> <br /> Unit record equipment<br /> <br /> Hollerith, Herman<br /> <br /> Western Electric</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=797 2017-06-10T08:35:24Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> <br /> James Powers died on November, 8, 1926 and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=794 2017-06-10T08:34:36Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> <br /> James Powers died on November, 8, 1926 and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. Since Powers was not famous, his death went almost unnoticed, which later caused discrepancies. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=792 2017-06-10T08:32:09Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1926, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> <br /> James Powers died on November, 8, 1926 and the obituary appeared in New York Times two days later. According to Encyclopedia of Computer Science article, Powers died around 1935. However, Deutsches Museum's stand states 1915 as the date of Powers's death. <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in ''Encyclopedia of Computer Science'' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in ''Computing Before Computers'' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=791 2017-06-10T08:27:41Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1927, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Death date ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in '''Encyclopedia of Computer Science''' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in '''Computing Before Computers''' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=787 2017-06-10T08:26:04Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1927, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. Full-keyboard electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in '''Encyclopedia of Computer Science''' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in '''Computing Before Computers''' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=783 2017-06-10T08:25:03Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1927, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. 1910 Census electric card punch<br /> <br /> 2. Slide electric card punch<br /> <br /> 3. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> IBM introduced its own motorised card punch in 1929.<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in '''Encyclopedia of Computer Science''' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in '''Computing Before Computers''' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=777 2017-06-10T08:22:40Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1927, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Powers introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census. However, this model proved to be error-prone and was dismissed during the Census. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised at least three different types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> 1. 1910 Census electric card punch<br /> 2. Slide electric card punch<br /> 3. 10-key electric card punch<br /> <br /> '''Punch card verifier'''<br /> <br /> In 1915 Powers introduced the first card verifier, which was used to check the correctness of punching. IBM introduced its own card verifier only in 1917. <br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in '''Encyclopedia of Computer Science''' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in '''Computing Before Computers''' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=770 2017-06-10T08:12:25Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1927, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Power introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census but proved to be error-prone and were dismissed later. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several types of electric card punches.<br /> <br /> '''Card verifier'''<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. Bit by Bit. An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in '''Encyclopedia of Computer Science''' (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in '''Computing Before Computers''' edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=315 2017-06-03T10:22:11Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1927, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical hole-sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Power introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census but proved to be error-prone and were dismissed later. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery&gt;[[File:Powers16.gif|thumb|Powers Automatic Punching Machine (Census Model)]]&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Card verifier'''<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in Encyclopedia of Computer Science (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in Computing Before Computers edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. BIT by BIT An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=299 2017-06-03T10:17:14Z

<p>Anton: /* Inventions */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1927, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Power introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census but proved to be error-prone and were dismissed later. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery&gt;[[File:Powers16.gif|thumb|Powers Automatic Punching Machine (Census Model)]]&lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Card verifier'''<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in Encyclopedia of Computer Science (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in Computing Before Computers edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. BIT by BIT An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=282 2017-06-03T10:03:39Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1927, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Power introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census but proved to be error-prone and were dismissed later. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> [[File:Powers16.gif|thumb|Powers Automatic Punching Machine (Census Model)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Card verifier'''<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in Encyclopedia of Computer Science (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in Computing Before Computers edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. BIT by BIT An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=File:Powers16.gif&diff=271 2017-06-03T09:59:02Z

<p>Anton: Powers Automatic Punching Machine (Census Model) THIS model designed for the United States government. Three hundred used in the compilation of the 1910 census. Automatically feeds and ejects cards. Gang punches repeated facts and makes one sort of the...</p> <hr /> <div>Powers Automatic Punching Machine (Census Model)<br /> THIS model designed for the United States government. Three hundred used in the compilation of the 1910 census.<br /> Automatically feeds and ejects cards. Gang punches repeated facts and makes one sort of the cards without additional operation.<br /> From advertising brochure Powers accounting and Tabulating Machines, c. 1913.</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=263 2017-06-03T09:54:23Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1927, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Power introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910 and 300 of these machines were used during 1910 US Census but proved to be error-prone and were dismissed later. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Card verifier'''<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in Encyclopedia of Computer Science (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in Computing Before Computers edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. BIT by BIT An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=256 2017-06-03T09:51:09Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1927, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card punch'''<br /> Power introduced the first electric card punch (e.g. using electric motor to punch the holes) in 1910. Census Bureau tried it during 1910 US Census but it proved to be error-prone and was dismissed. Several years after ''Powers Accounting Machine Company'' advertised several types of electric card punches:<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Card verifier'''<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in Encyclopedia of Computer Science (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in Computing Before Computers edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. BIT by BIT An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=243 2017-06-03T09:47:03Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1927, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new punched card equipment which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> '''Mechanical sensing unit'''<br /> <br /> '''Printing tabulator'''<br /> <br /> '''Electric card puncher'''<br /> <br /> '''Card verifier'''<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in Encyclopedia of Computer Science (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in Computing Before Computers edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. BIT by BIT An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).</div>

Anton https://wiki.dh-minor.org/index.php?title=James_L._Powers&diff=197 2017-06-03T08:45:46Z

<p>Anton: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:J_L_Powers.jpg|thumb|James Powers, c. 1915]]<br /> <br /> '''James Legrand Powers''' (1871, Odessa - November, 8, 1927, New York) - American inventor and entrepreneur, the founder of ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> <br /> James Legrand Powers was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) in 1871, nothing else is known about his early life. He graduated from the Technical School of Odessa and worked in Odessa University mechanical shop. In 1889 he emigrated to the United States and was employed by various engineering concerns including Western Electric.<br /> <br /> In 1907 Powers was hired by US Census Bureau as a mechanical expert to modify punched card processing equipment invented two decades earlier by Herman Hollerith, so that improved machines will not infringe Hollerith's patents. Powers had already done some experimental work on office machines and received several patents. Powers managed to circumvent Hollerith's patents and introduced new tabulating machine which was used in 1909 Cuban Census and 1910 US Census.<br /> <br /> == Inventions ==<br /> <br /> == Powers Accounting Machine Company ==<br /> <br /> Powers founded his company in 1911 as ''Powers Tabulating Machine Company'' but later changed its name for ''Powers Accounting Machine Company''. Founded in Newark, New Jersey, the company was moved to Brooklyn, New York in 1914. <br /> <br /> == Patents ==<br /> <br /> == Sources ==<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Powers, James in Encyclopedia of Computer Science (4th edition) edited by Edwin D. Reilly, Anthony Ralston, David Hemmendinger. (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2003)<br /> <br /> • Martin Campbell-Kelly. Chapter Four: Punched-Card Machinery in Computing Before Computers edited by William Aspray. (Iowa State University Press, 1990)<br /> <br /> • Stan Augarten. BIT by BIT An Illustrated History of Computers. (Ticknor &amp; Fields, 1984).</div>

Anton